使える単語・表現集
2. 「これまでに分かっていること（チャチャ）」で使える単語・表現
Many pathogens are known to exploit the host SCF machinery to promote efficient infection by translocating pathogen-encoded F-box proteins into the host cell.
Several F-box proteins promote their own degradation through autoubiquitination.
Previous genetic studies suggest that VirD5 is not essential for this process.
Recent studies have shown that several types of histone modifications are essential for the DSB repair response
Indeed, increasing evidence suggests that many plant F-box proteins play substantial roles in defense response.
Increasing evidence suggests that miRNAs play an indispensable role throughout plant post-embryonic development.
Several lines of evidence suggest that T-DNA integration may depend on the availability of naturally-occurring DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the host genome.
Over the past two decades, a great deal has been learned about the molecular mechanism by which Agrobacterium produces T-DNA and transports it into the host nucleus.
In recent years, the host DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair has received increasing attention as a primary mechanism that facilitates T-DNA integration
Meanwhile, it is well known that chromatin modifications, including the phosphorylation of histone H2AX, play an important role in DNA repair.
In addition, it has been shown that induction of DSBs by transient expression of a rare-cutting restriction enzyme in plant genomes increases the T-DNA integration frequency.
The VirD2 protein of Agrobacterium has long been proposed as a putative DNA ligase that functions during T-DNA integration.
In fact, previous studies have shown that VirD2 has the ability not only to cleave the border sequence of T-DNA, but also to rejoin the cleavage products in vitro.
Furthermore, studies using an in vitro T-DNA ligation assay revealed that plant extracts, but not VirD2, are required for T-DNA ligation at the tested target sequence.
Possible involvement of the DSB repair pathways in T-DNA integration has been intensively studied in budding yeast.
The role of the DSB repair proteins during Agrobacterium transformation has been investigated in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
For example, it was reported that a mutant lacking the Arabidopsis homolog of Ku80 (AtKU80), a protein that recognizes the damaged dsDNA ends during NHEJ, exhibits a reduced T-DNA integration efficiency.
However, contrary to this result, another research group showed that AtKU80 is dispensable for the integration.
The phosphorylated H2AX is believed to serve as a landing platform for DSB repair machinery
In addition to the NuA4 HAT complex, other histone acetyltransferases, such as Gcn5 and Hat1, have been implicated in DSB repair.
CAF-1 is believed to mediate nucleosome assembly during DNA replication and nucleotide exchange repair (NER).
This miRNA156-SPL scheme is reminiscent of a molecular mechanism that controls the timing of flowering.
A recent bioinformatic analysis has identified more than 70 F-box proteins in 22 different bacterial species, suggesting that use of pathogen-encoded F-box effectors in the host cell may be a widespread infection strategy.
Indeed, genomic and gene expression studies have predicted that Ralstonia injects over 70 different effectors into the eukaryotic host cell via the type III secretion system.
As a component of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) ubiquitin ligase complex, F-box proteins mediate polyubiquitination of target proteins and the subsequent proteasome-dependent protein degradation in eukaryotic cells.
Since this discovery, similar F-box-like effector proteins have been described in many other viral and bacterial pathogens, including a human pathogen Legionella pneumophila.
Recently, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) has emerged as a critical player in plant-pathogen interactions.